What the evidence actually says about peptides

AI-assisted Subtyping-directed Precision Treatment in Acute Aortic Dissection

ClinicalTrials.gov

Aortic dissection has acute onset and high mortality, with immunoinflammatory response driving lesion progression. Current perioperative anti-inflammatory therapies are mostly empirical and poorly targeted, and AI-assisted typing lacks a complete clinical translation pathway.

Product Transference Study of Testagen™ TDS®-Testosterone

ClinicalTrials.gov

This study will assess the potential of Testagen® TDS-Testosterone to enable transfer of Testosterone to females coming in contact with skin to which Testagen® TDS-Testosterone has been applied and the potential of product to raise serum androgen levels in those women.

vCA1 SST neurons represent avoidance states that guide anxiety-related behavioral choices

Bratsch-Prince JX, Wei M, Sureshbabu S, Chhaya V, Adamuz NC, Logas K, Kheirbek MA.

In uncertain, threatening environments, rapid and flexible behavioral decisions are essential for survival. The ventral CA1 region of the hippocampus encodes threatening contexts and can regulate avoidance-related behaviors.

VIP Deficiency Increases Pro-fibrotic and Pro-inflammatory Biomarker Expression After World Trade Center Dust Exposure

Favazza N, Israel J, McClain S, Lee-Wong M, Promisloff R, Cozzarin J, Nathan D, Szema A.

Abstract The collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) on September 11th, 2001 was one of the worst environmental disasters in United States history, exposing 400,000 people to a wide variety of toxicants and carcinogens.

Exploration of the regulatory mechanism of the vasoactive intestinal peptide-eosinophil axis in sheep resistance to Moniezia benedeni infection

Zhang W, Yao W, Wang B, Meng Y, Jiang L, Li Z, Huang Z. · Veterinary parasitology

The enteric neuro - mucosal immune network serves as the core defense line for hosts against intestinal parasitic infections, and the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) - eosinophil (Eos) axis plays a critical regulatory role in anti - parasitic immunity.

GLP-1 Medication & Behavioral Health Programs on Weight & Metabolic Outcomes: FLOURISH and THRIVE Prospective Cohort Study

ClinicalTrials.gov

This research program includes two coordinated prospective studies (FLOURISH and THRIVE) evaluating the real-world effectiveness of Noom's digital health programs on weight, cardiometabolic biomarkers, physiological health indicators, and program engagement.

Disproportionality Analysis of Tirzepatide-Associated Ketoacidosis

Frey C. · Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists

Background Tirzepatide, a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for type 2 diabetes and obesity, has generated post-marketing reports of ketoacidosis-spectrum events. Systematic pharmacovigilance characterization is lacking.

Clinical impact of tirzepatide on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Wu JY, Lin YM, Hsu WH, Liu TH, Tsai YW, Huang PY, Chuang MH, Lai CC. · Frontiers in pharmacology

Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a prevalent, debilitating condition linked to significant morbidity and mortality.

Starvation ketosis following self-administered tirzepatide obtained via online services in a young woman later diagnosed with anorexia nervosa: a case report

Yasui-Furukori N, Tasaki K, Kaiga Y, Aso Y. · Journal of eating disorders

Background Tirzepatide, a dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, induces potent appetite suppression and substantial weight loss.

Comprehensive Long-Term Changes in Cardiovascular Risk Biomarkers With Tirzepatide: A SURMOUNT-1 Post Hoc Analysis

Sattar N, Linetzky B, Ruotolo G, Verma S, Sourij H, Wang H, Vanderman K, Wilson JM, Griffin RM, Stefanski A, Ridker PM. · Journal of the American College of Cardiology

Background Tirzepatide is a once-weekly glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist approved for treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. The effect of tirzepatide on cardiovascular risk biomarkers in people with overweight or obesity remains uncertain.

Tirzepatide for weight and behavior management in a patient with Smith-Magenis syndrome

Liao XC, Huang T, Hong DS, Luo L. · JCEM case reports

Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by intellectual disability, behavioral dysregulation, and hyperphagia-driven obesity.

Relationships of Anemia, Serum Iron, and Serum Copper in Hospitalized Alpacas (Vicugna pacos)

Kornblum M, Buchallik-Schregel J, Röhrig P, Polifka A, Ganter M, Wagener MG. · Biological trace element research

A large number of South American camelids (SAC) presented to a veterinary clinic are diagnosed with anemia.

Injectable Peptides in Sports Medicine: A Structured Narrative Review of Evidence, Safety, and Antidoping Implications

Villegas Meza AD, Nocek M, Mitchell BC, Lizarraga M, DeFoor MT, Ruzbarsky JJ, Huard J, Philippon MJ. · JBJS reviews

Background Injectable peptides are increasingly promoted for musculoskeletal recovery, tissue repair, and performance enhancements; however, clinical adoption has outpaced high-quality evidence and regulatory consensus.

Therapeutic Peptides in Aesthetic, Metabolic and Endocrine Conditions: Effects, Safety, Clinical Applications, and Future Perspectives

Renke G, Chinellato L. · International journal of molecular sciences

Therapeutic peptides are short chains of amino acids used to treat metabolic and endocrine conditions such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.

A Study in People With Overweight or Obesity to Compare How 2 Different Formulations of Survodutide Are Taken up by the Body

ClinicalTrials.gov

The primary objective of this trial is to assess bioequivalence of two formulations of survodutide (formulation A and formulation B6) after multiple-dose treatment in male and female trial participants living with overweight or obesity.

Evolution of incretin-based therapies: From GLP-1 monotherapy to dual and triple agonists: A new era in metabolic therapy

Gupta M, Shukla J. · The Indian journal of medical research

Incretin-based therapies have revolutionised the management of metabolic disorders, transitioning from DPP-4 inhibitors to advanced GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and next-generation dual and triple agonists.

How does survodutide work? Plain language review of a potential new medication for obesity and liver disease

Almandoz J, Miras A, Seufert J, Paul E. · Therapeutic advances in gastroenterology

Therapeutic Peptides in Aesthetic, Metabolic and Endocrine Conditions: Effects, Safety, Clinical Applications, and Future Perspectives

Renke G, Chinellato L. · International journal of molecular sciences

Therapeutic peptides are short chains of amino acids used to treat metabolic and endocrine conditions such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Injectable Peptides in Sports Medicine: A Structured Narrative Review of Evidence, Safety, and Antidoping Implications

Villegas Meza AD, Nocek M, Mitchell BC, Lizarraga M, DeFoor MT, Ruzbarsky JJ, Huard J, Philippon MJ. · JBJS reviews

Background Injectable peptides are increasingly promoted for musculoskeletal recovery, tissue repair, and performance enhancements; however, clinical adoption has outpaced high-quality evidence and regulatory consensus.

Therapeutic Peptides in Aesthetic, Metabolic and Endocrine Conditions: Effects, Safety, Clinical Applications, and Future Perspectives

Renke G, Chinellato L. · International journal of molecular sciences

Therapeutic peptides are short chains of amino acids used to treat metabolic and endocrine conditions such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Therapeutic Peptides in Aesthetic, Metabolic and Endocrine Conditions: Effects, Safety, Clinical Applications, and Future Perspectives

Renke G, Chinellato L. · International journal of molecular sciences

Therapeutic peptides are short chains of amino acids used to treat metabolic and endocrine conditions such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Phase 2 Randomized Study of PG-102 vs Placebo and Semaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

ClinicalTrials.gov

Phase 2 Randomized Study of PG-102 vs Placebo and Semaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Spinal Implant–Associated Infection in Type 2 and Type 1 Diabetes: Phenotype‐Specific Inflammatory Features and Therapeutic Response to Semaglutide

Olson T, Lloyd T, Hamad C, Chun R, Wiener J, Golzar A, Mehany J, Shahamatdar S, Kittredge A, Pearce L, Francis K, Obeidin F, Holly L, Yeaman M, Adams J, Bernthal N, Sheppard W. · JOR spine

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, semaglutide, attenuates intravenous self-administration of fentanyl in female rats

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

Real-world use of semaglutide for obesity treatment: A cohort study in an integrated health care delivery system

Baalmann A, Michel J, Avedissian SN, Pow A, Farris K. · Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy

Background Novel antiobesity medications have demonstrated significant weight loss in clinical trials. Data on real-world use of semaglutide are lacking.

GLP-1 Receptors Are Enriched in the Lymphatic Endothelium and Their Pharmacological Activation With Semaglutide Improves the Pumping Capacity of Lymphatic Vessels

Schulz ME, Akerstrom VL, Dayan JH, Castorena-Gonzalez JA. · Microcirculation (New York, N.Y. : 1994)

Objectives Recent clinical studies have suggested that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists may be effective therapies to treat or reduce the risk of developing secondary lymphedema.

Therapeutic Peptides in Aesthetic, Metabolic and Endocrine Conditions: Effects, Safety, Clinical Applications, and Future Perspectives

Renke G, Chinellato L. · International journal of molecular sciences

Therapeutic peptides are short chains of amino acids used to treat metabolic and endocrine conditions such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Hereditary Neuropathy with Liability to Pressure Palsies Mimicking a Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy Variant: A Case Report Highlighting Diagnostic Challenges

Yamamoto M, Hatanaka Y, Kaida K. · Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan)

We herein report a case of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) that was ultimately identified as hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) based on PMP22 gene testing.

Effect of LY3437943 Versus Placebo in Participants Who Have Obesity or Are Overweight

ClinicalTrials.gov

Phase 2, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating once-weekly subcutaneous retatrutide (LY3437943) at multiple maintenance dose levels versus placebo in adults with obesity or overweight with weight-related comorbidities (without type 2 diabetes), alongside standardized diet and physic…

A Study of Retatrutide (LY3437943) in Participants Without Type 2 Diabetes Who Have Obesity or Overweight

ClinicalTrials.gov

The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy and safety of different retatrutide dose escalation schemes in participants without type 2 diabetes who have obesity or overweight. Participation in the study will last about 113 weeks.

Self-Reported Side Effects Among Reddit Users Taking Unapproved Retatrutide

Sehgal NKR, Tronieri JS, Rader B, Ungar L, Guntuku SC.

ABSTRACT Gray-market retatrutide use is increasing, but patient safety experiences remain poorly characterized. This cross-sectional analysis examined Reddit posts and comments from retatrutide-specific and broader peptide or weight-management communities through December 2025.

Efficacy and safety of retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptor agonist, in people with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycaemic control with diet and exercise (TRANSCEND-T2D-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial

Bajaj HS, Welch M, Shah P, Luna E, Jaouimaa FZ, Liu B, Liu R, Chen Y, Patel H, Bartee A. · Lancet (London, England)

Background Retatrutide is a GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon triple hormone receptor agonist, under clinical development for type 2 diabetes, obesity, and related complications.

Multiplexed P21/MCM-2 Detection Predicts Relapse and May Identify Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor-Resistant Patients in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

Abdullah H, Um IH, Stewart GD, Jeong CW, Kwak C, Moon KC, Laird A, Frangou E, Eisen T, Meade A, Harrison DJ. · Cancer research communications

Current clinical tools for predicting relapse and guiding adjuvant therapy in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) lack precision, especially in intermediate-risk disease.

Distinct senescent β-cell senotypes differentially drive islet aging and dysfunction

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

Relationship between expression of OGFR, P16, P21 and clinicopathological features of colorectal cancer patients

Wang Z, Zhang B, Li Y, Hao X, Wang Y, Qiao T, Yan J. · Journal, genetic engineering & biotechnology

Translational pathways of oxytocin therapy in schizophrenia: bridging negative symptom domains and neural mechanisms

Ji L, Wang X, Li Y, Zhao W, Du X, Gao Y, Li J, Liu S. · Translational psychiatry

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia, characterized by motivational deficits, diminished hedonic experience, and impaired affective expression, remain a major therapeutic challenge.

[Decreased blood oxytocin levels in obesity and in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes]

Anvarova SS, Narimova GD. · Problemy endokrinologii

Background Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are common metabolic disorders. Oxytocin, a hypothalamic neuropeptide, has recently been recognized as a potential regulator of energy balance, appetite, and insulin sensitivity.

PVN oxytocin - VTA neurocircuit modulate the emergence of general anesthesia induced by isoflurane in mice

Du T, Li Q, Jia L, He J, Yin J, Ma K, Yin J, Li Y. · Brain research bulletin

Aims The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) plays a pivotal role in regulating consciousness transition, in which oxytocin neurons (OXT) are involved. The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is one of the important projection regions of the PVN OXT , closely related to the transition of anesthesia status.

Oxytocin receptor neurons in the paraventricular thalamus as a nexus for social behaviour and fear

Yamamuro K, Ikehara M, Noriyama Y, Okuda M, Okumura K, Matsuoka K, Kashida N, Ishida R, Takeda T, Toritsuka M, Ochi T, Miyasaka T, Tai Y, Tatsumi K, Hattori T, Tanaka T, Saito Y, I, et al. · Brain : a journal of neurology

Oxytocin has been implicated in regulating social behaviour and emotional responses; however, the underlying neural circuits remain incompletely understood. Neurons expressing oxytocin receptors (OTRs) in the paraventricular thalamus (PVT) are emerging as a potential modulator of these processes.

Spontaneous and oxytocin-induced contractility of gravid human myometrium with exposure to intravenous anesthetic agents: an ex vivo laboratory study

Portela NC, Drew T, Carvalho JCA, Engel TE, Balki M. · Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie

Purpose The objective of this study was to investigate the ex vivo effects of various intravenous anesthetic drugs on the contractility of gravid human myometrium.

Hypericin and berberine promote elongation of hair peg-like sprouting in hair follicle organoids via oxytocin signaling activation

Kageyama T, Noguchi K, Kubo O, Matsumoto S, Ikegami Y, Fukuda J. · Scientific reports

Oxytocin is a hormone produced during childbirth and lactation. Moreover, it is expressed in both men and women during physical contact with family members and pets. Oxytocin influences various organs and tissues, including the heart, digestive system, and reproductive organs.

Patient preferences for pharmacological treatments for obesity: The VOICE study

Houle C, Gelhorn H, Cutts K, Samuelson A, Xavier N. · Obesity pillars

Background With the emergence of new pharmacological treatments for obesity, understanding patient preferences for different medication attributes is important for shared decision-making conversations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate preferences for specific obesity medication (OM) attributes.

Transition-state analysis of the arginine-specific human ADP-ribosyltransferase 1

Groom DP, Aguilan JT, Lopacinski A, Garforth SJ, Schramm VL. · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

The ADP-ribosylation of proteins is a versatile, reversible, posttranslational modification involved in the dynamic regulation of numerous cellular processes.

Nutrition Information Briefs - Niacin

Meyer-Ficca ML, Chini CC. · Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)

A sustained NAD<sup>+</sup> supplementation-biosynthesis nanoplatform for metabolic restoration in aged bone regeneration

Xie F, He Z, Xu S, Bai X, Wang X, Zhang F, Yuan Y, Liu C, Niu D. · Bioactive materials

Increasing NAD + levels has demonstrated promising therapeutic potential for treating aging-related skeletal disorders.

The E. coli DEAD box ATPase CsdA, is a NAD+ capped RNA binding protein

Das K, Dzurik KG, Singh Y, Yu Y, Schmitz KR, Schrader JM, Childers WS, Bird JG.

5′ nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) caps are one of the most common metabolites derived non-canonical caps reported on bacterial RNAs. Multiple decapping proteins are known to regulate the stability of NAD + capped transcripts.

The tectal melanocortin system modulates energy-dependent visual avoidance behavior in zebrafish

Puvvada M, Hladnik T, Zhang Y, Svara F, Lemmens S, von Gersdorff Jørgensen L, Briggman K, Arrenberg A, Förster D, Hammerschmidt M. · iScience

Energy homeostasis depends on both food intake and behavioral control of energy expenditure. The hypothalamic melanocortin system is classically associated with feeding regulation, but its broader behavioral roles remain less defined.

Targeting Peptidergic Systems for Melanoma Treatment

Sánchez ML, Mehboob R, Coveñas R. · Cancers

Melanoma is a heterogeneous, complex and aggressive disease that, despite recent advances in molecular-targeted drugs and molecular and genetic analysis, represents approximately 65% of skin cancer deaths, and unfortunately survival dramatically decreases in melanoma stages III/IV.