What the evidence actually says about peptides

Product Transference Study of Testagen™ TDS®-Testosterone

ClinicalTrials.gov

This study will assess the potential of Testagen® TDS-Testosterone to enable transfer of Testosterone to females coming in contact with skin to which Testagen® TDS-Testosterone has been applied and the potential of product to raise serum androgen levels in those women.

Mitophagy and Mitochondrial DNA Dynamics During Ramadan Dry Fasting vs 16:8 Time-Restricted Feeding

ClinicalTrials.gov

This study investigates how different types of fasting affect cell health, specifically focusing on how mitochondria (the energy-producing parts of cells) are cleared and renewed.

Two-Part Study of the Effects of the X39 Patch on Circulating GHK and GHK-Cu Levels in Healthy Adults

ClinicalTrials.gov

The goal of this clinical trial is to investigate GHK and GHK-Cu blood levels pre- and post-intervention in healthy adults, and to investigate the efficacy of X39 patch on GHK and GHK-Cu blood levels in healthy adults compared to a placebo.

Morphological differentiation of hyperchromatic crowded groups (HCG) in cervical cytology. Possible clinical significance

Villarreal Ramírez JC, Guaithero Rivas JE, Ramírez L, Peña Guillén J, de Méndez MT. · Revista espanola de patologia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Anatomia Patologica y de la Sociedad Espanola de Citologia

HCG groups (hyperchromatic crowded groups) are hyperchromatic cellular aggregates observed during routine screening for cancer and premalignant intraepithelial lesions in both negative and abnormal cervical cytology samples.

Methotrexate in relatively contraindicated ectopic pregnancies: who benefits from treatment?

Özüm G, Güraslan H, Kurtoğlu N, Deniz L. · Archives of gynecology and obstetrics

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of methotrexate (MTX) therapy and identify clinical and laboratory predictors of treatment failure, particularly in relatively contraindicated cases.

Case Report: Primary hepatic carcinosarcoma with ectopic β-hCG secretion and a paraneoplastic leukemoid reaction mimicking gynecologic and hematologic disease

Wang P, Xu X, Zhang L. · Frontiers in oncology

Primary hepatic carcinosarcoma is an exceptionally rare and highly aggressive malignancy, and ectopic β-hCG production and paraneoplastic leukemoid reaction are both uncommon findings in solid tumors.

Analysis of factors that increase serum progesterone levels on the day of hCG administration in gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist cycles

Wang J, Liu X, Xue J, Zhang Y. · Frontiers in endocrinology

Objective To explore the factors associated with elevated serum progesterone (P) levels on the day of hCG administration in patients undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation using a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH-A) protocol.

Correlation and predictive value of first-trimester serum markers (PAPP-A, Free β-hCG) for small-for-gestational-age (SGA) and large-for-gestational-age (LGA): a prospective cohort study

Nasiri-Amiri F, Omidvar S, Asnafi N, Amiri SM, Pahlavane Z, Koochaksaraei FY, Zabihi F, Taheriotaghsara S, Sharbatdaran M, Abdollahzadeh S. · Scientific reports

The first trimester offers valuable biomarkers that can predict abnormal fetal growth, such as small-for-gestational-age (SGA) and large-for-gestational-age (LGA) births.

Pre-synchronization with GnRH or hCG enhances fertility outcomes of heat synch protocol in Holstein dairy cows across parities: A pilot study

Navidifar P, Kaveh A, Hosseini SE, Keshtkar Zolghadr H, Simiyari R, Taghinasab S, Salehi MS, Kahyani A. · Veterinary and animal science

Efficient estrus synchronization is important for improving reproductive performance in dairy herds; however, variations in ovarian activity among cows of different parities may influence responses to synchronization protocols.

Application of transvaginal color doppler ultrasound in early diagnosis of threatened abortion and its correlation with serum levels of β - hCG and CA125

Cao L, Xiang H, Ren D, Li J. · Frontiers in endocrinology

Objective To explore the value of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasound (TVCDS) combined with serum β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) and carbohydrate antigen-125 (CA125) in diagnosing threatened abortion and predicting adverse pregnancy outcomes.

A Case of a Chronic Ectopic Pregnancy in a Patient With Negative Serum β-HCG

Yu S, Su X, Liu L, Wang X, Chen X. · Clinical case reports

Chronic ectopic pregnancy should be considered in women with adnexal masses and persistent abdominal pain, even when serum β-hCG is negative, to prevent delayed diagnosis. This article reports a case of ectopic pregnancy with negative serum β-hCG levels nearly 3 months after curettage.

Association of human chorionic gonadotropin and post-pregnancy persistent enhanced myometrial vascularity

Timor-Tritsch IE, Monteagudo A, Platt LD, Shwayder JM, Maymon R, Kedem MR, Jauniaux E. · Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Objective To explore the role of circulating human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the pathophysiology of enhanced myometrial vascularity (EMV) postpregnancy and the usefulness of determining hCG level in the clinical evaluation and management of this condition.

Predicting in vitro fertilization success: establishing human chorionic gonadotropin cutoffs after frozen embryo transfers for untested and preimplantation genetic tested embryos

Frisch EH, Yazdani A, Yao M, Kim H, Desai N, Rehmer J. · Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics

Purpose The early post-embryo transfer period lacks well-defined beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) thresholds to distinguish viable from non-viable pregnancies after frozen embryo transfer (FET).

Blastomere/trophectoderm biopsy for preimplantation genetic testing does not affect early HCG levels

Alexandroni H, Buhbut E, Cohen Y, Altarescu G, Eldar-Geva T, Ben-Ami I. · JBRA assisted reproduction

Objective To evaluate if blastomere/trophectoderm biopsy for preimplantation genetic testing affects early HCG levels.

Serum hCG reference values in menopausal women across four immunoassay platforms: implications of renal function for clinical interpretation

Bavoux D, Bouvier D, Puravet A, Pereira B, Durif J, Rozand I, Sapin V, Oris C. · Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine

Objectives Most available data on human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) elevations in menopausal women are derived from studies using Roche assays, with limited evidence across other immunoassay platforms.

Balancing the benefits and risks of GLP-1 receptor agonists: a clinical guide for shared decision-making

Moiz A, Peters TM, Tsoukas MA, Yu OHY, Filion KB, Eisenberg MJ. · EClinicalMedicine

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are now used widely to manage diabetes, obesity, and an expanding set of metabolic and cardiorenal conditions.

The use of GLP-1 receptor agonists and co-agonists in adults without diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis protocol

Moiz A, Reynier P, Tsoukas MA, Yu OH, Peters TM, Eisenberg MJ, Filion KB. · Systematic reviews

Background Despite the increasing clinical use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), head-to-head evidence across these agents remains limited.

Dysesthesia associated with GLP-1 agonist therapies: data-mining analysis and literature review

Laroche ML, Géniaux H, Jardou M. · European journal of clinical pharmacology

Purpose An increasing number of anecdotal reports on social media platforms and medical blogs describe dysesthesia, particularly burning skin sensations, in association with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists.

Do no harm: managing nausea and vomiting in GLP-1 based obesity therapies

Alhazmi A, le Roux CW. · Frontiers in endocrinology

Evolution of incretin-based therapies: From GLP-1 monotherapy to dual and triple agonists: A new era in metabolic therapy

Gupta M, Shukla J. · The Indian journal of medical research

Incretin-based therapies have revolutionised the management of metabolic disorders, transitioning from DPP-4 inhibitors to advanced GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and next-generation dual and triple agonists.

Incretin-Based Dual and Triple Agonists in Overweight or Obese Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Chan ZH, Omar AS, Gill K, Volucke G, Azhar MM, Haleem SM, Sia JE, Rahman OU, Ahmad M, Shahid N, Gardezi SA, Joseph KV, Behary Paray N, Zulfiqar E. · Cardiology in review

Incretin-based dual and triple agonists have emerged as effective options for obesity management, offering enhanced weight loss through multi-receptor agonism. However, data on their efficacy and safety remain limited.

Tirzepatide vs Semaglutide in Individuals at Cardiovascular Risk But Without Diabetes.

ClinicalTrials.gov

Investigators are building an empirical evidence base for real world data through large-scale emulation of randomized controlled trials. The investigators' goal is to understand for what types of clinical questions real world data analyses can be conducted with confidence and how to implement such studies.

Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Tirzepatide in Real-World Conditions in Paraguay.

ClinicalTrials.gov

This is a prospective cohort study evaluating the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of tirzepatide under real-world conditions in the Paraguayan population.

CARTIZ Registry: Cartilage, Arthropathy and Imaging Under Tirzepatide in Zone-stratified Cohorts - A Four-Institute Mexican Observational Registry

ClinicalTrials.gov

CARTIZ is a prospective observational clinical registry of adults in Mexico receiving tirzepatide (a dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist) under an independent clinical indication - typically type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, obesity, renal protection, metabolic hypertension, or associated off-label metabolic use.

Tirzepatide, cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in obesity and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Spiazzi BF, Zingano CP, Colpani V, Gerchman F. · Diabetes research and clinical practice

Aims To assess the effect of tirzepatide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide agonist, on cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in subjects with overweight/obesity, or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Real-world evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of tirzepatide in patients with obesity: a prospective study

Pérez-Pevida B, Santana Santana M, Liaño Arriola C, Maldonado A, Clérigo B, Ruiz C, Higueruela C, Ballesteros-Pomar MD, Bretón Lesmes I, Moreira Rodríguez M. · Clinical nutrition ESPEN

Background and aims Recent randomised controlled trials have demonstrated the efficacy of tirzepatide in inducing weight loss among adults with overweight or obesity, irrespective of diabetes mellitus status. However, evidence from real-world settings remains limited.

Tirzepatide as a therapeutic tool for kidney impairment in obesity: insights from a real-world study

Galasso M, Verde L, Patrone R, Ragozzino G, Annunziata G, Colao A, Barrea L, Muscogiuri G. · Journal of translational medicine

Background Obesity is a major risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD), contributing to kidney dysfunction through metabolic alterations and chronic inflammation.

Real-world treatment satisfaction and experience with once-weekly tirzepatide: Insights from prescribing physicians and people with obesity or overweight

Gibble TH, Leith A, Harrison L, Gerber C, Raikar SK, Seth E, Artime E. · Obesity pillars

Background Tirzepatide, a once-weekly glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, has demonstrated its efficacy in clinical trials; however, real-world evidence on treatment satisfaction and experiences among people with obesity or overweight (PwO) and their…

Hypersensitivity Reaction to Tirzepatide With Demonstrated Tolerance to Semaglutide: A Case Report

Nejat C, Lin R, Addo D, Cuenca-Sisko K, Lee-Wong M. · Clinical case reports

Hypersensitivity reactions to glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are uncommon but clinically significant given their expanding use for obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Low-Dose Tirzepatide for Obesity: Comparative Efficacy of 2.5 mg Versus 5 mg in Non-Diabetic Japanese Adults

Amioka M, Amioka H, Kinoshita H, Sairaku A, Nakano Y. · Diabetes, obesity & metabolism

Background Obesity is a major global health issue. While tirzepatide demonstrates robust weight reduction in clinical trials, data comparing low maintenance doses (2.5 vs. 5 mg) in non-diabetic adults with obesity remain limited.

Effect of short-term tirzepatide treatment on mean platelet volume in patients with obesity: a retrospective controlled study

Demircan F, Ozozan OV, Gozel N. · BMC endocrine disorders

Objective Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, increased cardiovascular risk, and alterations in platelet indices [1-5]. Mean platelet volume (MPV) is an easily obtainable surrogate marker that has been linked to platelet activation and inflammatory burden [4, 6-8].

Comparative Cardiovascular Outcomes of Tirzepatide and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

Wu JY, Lee KW, Kao CL, Hung KC, Yu T, Lin YM. · Journal of the American Heart Association

Background To evaluate the association between tirzepatide use and 1-year risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, compared with GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) receptor agonists.

Concurrent initiation of tirzepatide and biologics improves patient-reported outcomes in obese psoriatic arthritis: a propensity score-matched study

Venerito V, Lopalco G, Colaprico C, Catamerò D, Cacciapaglia F, Iannone F. · RMD open

Objective To evaluate 6-month clinical outcomes in obese patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) who initiated tirzepatide concurrently with biologic therapy compared with those starting biologics alone. Methods Propensity score-matched comparative study at tertiary care rheumatology centres.

Tirzepatide Attenuates Wire Injury-Induced Arterial Remodeling in Non-Diabetic and Diabetic Mice: Comparison with Semaglutide

Mori Y, Osaka N, Terasaki M, Yashima H, Saito T, Tanno D, Ogino M, Ohara M, Yamagishi SI. · Biomedicines

Background : Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) activation exert anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects. Tirzepatide, a dual GIPR/GLP-1R agonist, has demonstrated cardiovascular benefits in clinical studies.

A Case of Severe Hypercalcemia in a Patient Taking Tirzepatide: Potential Risk Factors

Iqbal S, Javed F, Oyibo SO. · Cureus

Hypercalcemia is commonly caused by hyperparathyroidism and malignancy. Medication-induced hypercalcemia is less common. Tirzepatide is a dual glucagon-like peptide-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor agonist (GLP-1/GIP RA) used to aid weight loss and glycemic control.

Tirzepatide and SGLT2 Inhibitors for Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity: Entering a New Cardiometabolic Therapeutic Era

Mohamed ZI, Shidane AA, Abdiasis AM, Hussein MH, Ibrahim AO, Abdi AA, Hashi KI, Mohamud MA, Mohamed AJ. · Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism

Background Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) accounts for over half of all heart failure hospitalizations, with obesity increasingly recognized as a central driver through expansion of epicardial adipose tissue, chronic low-grade inflammation and obesity-related haemodynamic overload culminating in…

ANP32E drives lung adenocarcinoma progression via GSK3β-mediated glycolytic reprogramming

Wang Z, Li Q, Ye Z, Wu X, Fang C, Jiang W, Zhu M. · Cell death & disease

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), a leading cause of cancer mortality, involves incompletely understood epigenetic-metabolic crosstalk. We identified ANP32E as a key regulator through multi-omics (TCGA, scRNA-seq) and clinical analyses, finding its overexpression correlates with poor prognosis.

Targeting Leukopoiesis: Pharmacological and Biotechnological Strategies for the Treatment of Leukopenia

Baktybayeva L, Kaldybayeva AB, Sokolenko A, Tursynova B, Ten AY, Daulet G, Svambayev E, Thevis M, Yu VK, Tassibekov KS. · Biomedicines

Leukopenia remains a major clinical challenge associated with infectious diseases, oncological therapies, autoimmune disorders, and metabolic and iatrogenic conditions.

Thymulin restrains age-associated myeloid inflammation and enhances cancer immunotherapy

Kanemaru H, Luong S, Yamamoto Y, Mizukami Y, Ito F. · Nature communications

Chronic inflammation increases with age and contributes to cancer progression and therapeutic resistance, yet the mechanisms underlying this process remain incompletely understood.

Zinc Coordination by Thymosin β4: Structural Determinants and Functional Implications

Lachowicz J, Congiu T, Salis A, Cesare Marincola F. · International journal of molecular sciences

Thymosin-α1 for Recurrent Implantation Failure

ClinicalTrials.gov

Clinical trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of Thymosin-α1 (Tα1) as an adjunctive immunomodulatory therapy in women with unexplained recurrent implantation failure (RIF) undergoing IVF/ICSI cycles.

A Case Report of a Multisystemic Immune-Related Adverse Event Caused by Sintilimab in Combination With Thymosin Alpha-1

Li T, Wu BL, Yu CL, Jin LY. · Clinical case reports

To report a case of a nasopharyngeal carcinoma patient who developed multisystem immune-related adverse events (irAEs) after treatment with sintilimab (PD-1 inhibitor) in combination with thymosin alpha-1 (Tα1). The patient presents with high fever, rash, interstitial pulmonary edema, and multiple organ failure.

Thymosin Alpha-1 Restores Chemotherapy-Induced Antitumor Immunity by Chaperoning a MicroRNA Ligand of TLR7 in Dendritic Cells

Wei Y, Chen J, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhu F, Wang X, Zhou X, Wu C, Zhang W, Chen J, Zhang Y, Pan N, Chen K, Zheng S, Yan C, Liu L, Wang L. · Cancer research

Chemotherapy induces cancer cell apoptosis and the release of apoptotic bodies (ABs) that are poorly immunogenic or immunosuppressive, creating a major barrier to the success of co-administered or second-line immunotherapies.

Relationships of Anemia, Serum Iron, and Serum Copper in Hospitalized Alpacas (Vicugna pacos)

Kornblum M, Buchallik-Schregel J, Röhrig P, Polifka A, Ganter M, Wagener MG. · Biological trace element research

A large number of South American camelids (SAC) presented to a veterinary clinic are diagnosed with anemia.

P-1231. A Phase 1 Open-label, Parallel-group, Single-dose Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Obeldesivir in Participants with Normal Renal Function and Renal Impairment

Open Forum Infectious Diseases

Injectable Peptide Therapy: A Primer for Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Physicians

Mayfield CK, Bolia IK, Feingold CL, Lin EH, Liu JN, Rick Hatch GF, Gamradt SC, Weber AE. · The American journal of sports medicine

Background Therapeutic peptides are short-chain amino acids that regulate cellular functions and facilitate biochemical processes. In recent years, there has been significant growth in the global market for therapeutic peptides and thus its popularity among patients.

Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance

Mendias CL, Awan TM. · Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)

Peptides are short chains of amino acids with a unique pharmacological niche between small-molecule drugs and large proteins. Their use in sports medicine is rapidly expanding, driven by patient demand for accelerated injury recovery and performance enhancement.

Injectable Peptides in Sports Medicine: A Structured Narrative Review of Evidence, Safety, and Antidoping Implications

Villegas Meza AD, Nocek M, Mitchell BC, Lizarraga M, DeFoor MT, Ruzbarsky JJ, Huard J, Philippon MJ. · JBJS reviews

Background Injectable peptides are increasingly promoted for musculoskeletal recovery, tissue repair, and performance enhancements; however, clinical adoption has outpaced high-quality evidence and regulatory consensus.