What the evidence actually says about peptides

Product Transference Study of Testagen™ TDS®-Testosterone

ClinicalTrials.gov

This study will assess the potential of Testagen® TDS-Testosterone to enable transfer of Testosterone to females coming in contact with skin to which Testagen® TDS-Testosterone has been applied and the potential of product to raise serum androgen levels in those women.

Salivary oxytocin and testosterone in empathic stress responding: a pilot study

Heilmann K, Walter M, Engert V. · Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

Suffering the stress of others (termed empathic stress or stress contagion) may affect an individual's health and well-being.

Mitophagy and Mitochondrial DNA Dynamics During Ramadan Dry Fasting vs 16:8 Time-Restricted Feeding

ClinicalTrials.gov

This study investigates how different types of fasting affect cell health, specifically focusing on how mitochondria (the energy-producing parts of cells) are cleared and renewed.

Multimodal graph-based fusion via image descriptions for few-shot open-set recognition

Huang X, Choi SH. · Neural networks : the official journal of the International Neural Network Society

Few-shot open-set recognition (FSOR) presents unique challenges due to the limited labeled samples and the presence of unknown classes during inference.

Kisspeptin-10/basal LH ratio improves differentiation of central precocious puberty and premature thelarche

Banerjee AA, Bhanarkar SR, Kashikar S, Keshwani R, Walia S, Kavya DR, Bombe S, Pande S, Modi DN, Pathak BR, Joshi B, Tandon D, Patil A, Begum S, Mahale SD, Rao S, Surve SV. · Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry

Background Distinguishing idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP) from premature thelarche (PT) remains a clinical challenge and often necessitates GnRH stimulation testing.

AA-Induced Lipid Peroxidation at the Center of Tumor Cell Apoptosis and Ferroptosis

Das UN. · Reviews of physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), can block HMG-CoA reductase activity and thus decrease cholesterol synthesis/formation.

Two-Part Study of the Effects of the X39 Patch on Circulating GHK and GHK-Cu Levels in Healthy Adults

ClinicalTrials.gov

The goal of this clinical trial is to investigate GHK and GHK-Cu blood levels pre- and post-intervention in healthy adults, and to investigate the efficacy of X39 patch on GHK and GHK-Cu blood levels in healthy adults compared to a placebo.

Impact of BPC-157 on Recovery Following Rotator Cuff Repair Surgery

ClinicalTrials.gov

This study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial investigating the effects of BPC-157 on tendon healing and functional recovery following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (aRCR).

Choriocarcinoma at an Abdominal Wall Cesarean Scar: Recurrence After Multi-Line Chemotherapy and Exploration of Salvage Therapy

Xu S, Huang C, Wang M, Wu W, Zhou J. · International journal of women's health

Choriocarcinoma arising at an abdominal wall cesarean scar is not only exceedingly rare and diagnostically challenging but also represents a therapeutic dilemma, particularly when it becomes chemoresistant or relapses after multi-line chemotherapy.

Pregnancy testing prior to iodine-131 thyroid therapy: a literature review of current recommendations

Sozio S, Cohen D, Raynor W, Kempf J. · EJNMMI reports

Optimization of Pregnancy Testing in the Emergency Department: A Quality Improvement Initiative

Holstege M, Mukubwa N, Smith M, Layng T, Wendel S. · American journal of medical quality : the official journal of the American College of Medical Quality

Background At our institution, a review of emergency department pregnancy testing identified excess use of serum quantitative (quant) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) when only a binary result was clinically indicated. Additionally, we observed delays in point-of-care (POCT) urine hCG turnaround time.

Serum Beta-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (β-hCG) Trends and Their Association With Abdominal Wound Healing After Cesarean Section: An Observational Study

Vishwakarma A, Kaithwas K, Chaubey L, Singh M, Singh AP, Singh TB. · Cureus

Background and objective Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) is an established biomarker in pregnancy assessment and in the management of trophoblastic and germ cell disorders.

Evaluation and performance of the β-hCG discriminatory zone and targeted ultrasound findings for early pregnancy diagnosis in a high-risk population: a retrospective cohort study at a US safety-net hospital

Cherouveim P, Tuli S, Cetin E, Garner J, Fayyaz T, Soylu M, Lachance J, Merida Reyes MA, Kobold R, Akinpeloye A. · BMJ open

Nonlinear relationship between serum LH levels on hCG trigger day and live birth rates in patients with fresh embryo transfer: a retrospective cohort study

Zhang Y, Xiao Y, Yang A, Yang Y, Jiang L, Zheng J, Guo K, Wang W. · Frontiers in endocrinology

Background In assisted reproductive technology (ART), the assessment of sex hormones is indispensable. Maintaining an appropriate level of luteinizing hormone (LH) is crucial for ovarian and endometrial development.

Relationship Between Dominant Follicle Diameter on the hCG Trigger Day and Live Birth After Modified Natural Cycle Frozen Embryo Transfer: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Huang C, Jiang Y, Liu J, Zhu Y, Zhang H, Jiang R, He F, Xing J. · International journal of general medicine

Background The impact of dominant follicular diameter at hCG trigger on live birth rate (LBR) in modified natural cycle frozen-thawed embryo transfer (mNC-FET) remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate this relationship and explore whether flexible triggering based on follicle size is acceptable.

Reference ranges for early pregnancy hCG following embryo transfer: A cohort study of 4807 embryo transfer cycles leading to live birth at term

Hofer N, Moykens M, Cools W, Roelens C, Mackens S. · Fertility and sterility

Objective To establish gestational day-specific reference values for serum hCG in early pregnancy following embryo transfer and identify maternal and treatment-related factors contributing to its variability. Design Retrospective, single-center cohort study.

Secondary-Amine Relay Enables Lysine-Directed Multicomponent Functionalization of Peptides

Ren C, Zhang M, Jiang T, Wan F, Lv Y, Yang L, Li C. · JACS Au

Multicomponent reactions provide powerful modularity for peptide functionalization, but their application to lysine residues remains limited by the low efficiency of direct primary-amine-based activation pathways under peptide-compatible conditions.

Epitalon and Epithalamin: A Narrative Review of Mechanistic, Preclinical, and Clinical Evidence

Jain A, Gallacher DM, Issa MA, Deer TR, Yong RJ, Diwan S, Lee W, Sayed D, Amirdelfan K, Robinson CL. · International journal of molecular sciences

Epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) is a synthetic tetrapeptide developed from the amino-acid composition of epithalamin, a chemically distinct pineal-derived polypeptide preparation.

TEAS Timing for Gastrectomy Recovery (TEAS-TIME Trial)

ClinicalTrials.gov

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) works to help people recover faster after laparoscopic surgery for stomach cancer. TEAS is a treatment that uses small electrical pulses through sticky pads on the skin. It does not use needles.

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)-Secreting Neuroblastic Tumors in Children Presenting With Chronic Secretory Diarrhea: A Report of Two Cases

Barbar M, Sultan I, Alrifaai A, Al-Dabbagh A, Halalsheh H. · Cureus

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-secreting neuroblastic tumors are rare pediatric neoplasms that may present with chronic secretory diarrhea prior to tumor detection, posing significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.

Emerging role of GLP-1 mono, dual, and triple agonists in the management of MASH-related fibrosis

Tavaglione F, Loomba R. · Cell reports. Medicine

Recent therapeutic advances have resulted in US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of the first pharmacological agents-resmetirom and semaglutide-for advanced metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) without cirrhosis, reshaping the therapeutic landscape of the disease.

Evolution of incretin-based therapies: From GLP-1 monotherapy to dual and triple agonists: A new era in metabolic therapy

Gupta M, Shukla J. · The Indian journal of medical research

Incretin-based therapies have revolutionised the management of metabolic disorders, transitioning from DPP-4 inhibitors to advanced GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and next-generation dual and triple agonists.

Recent Studies on the Effectiveness and Safety of Anti-Obesity Medications: A Scoping Review

Puspitasari IM, Putra DS, Deliyana AN, Adiputri NI, Octovia LI, Paramita SA, Sinuraya RK. · Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy

Obesity remains a major global public health challenge associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and reduced quality of life, necessitating effective treatment strategies beyond lifestyle modifications.

Beyond weight loss: Preserving muscle health in the incretin era

Imaizumi T, Yabe D. · Journal of diabetes investigation

Incretin-Based Dual and Triple Agonists in Overweight or Obese Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Chan ZH, Omar AS, Gill K, Volucke G, Azhar MM, Haleem SM, Sia JE, Rahman OU, Ahmad M, Shahid N, Gardezi SA, Joseph KV, Behary Paray N, Zulfiqar E. · Cardiology in review

Incretin-based dual and triple agonists have emerged as effective options for obesity management, offering enhanced weight loss through multi-receptor agonism. However, data on their efficacy and safety remain limited.

Efficacy and Safety of Dual GLP-1/Glucagon Receptor Agonism in Overweight and Obesity: A Class-Specific Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Amjad MM, Khan MM, Sarwar F, Ali A, Ali M, Bakhash F, Abid H, Ibrahim F, Mustafa K, Ali DE, Fayyaz MMN, Hassan H, Mian SM, Yaseen M, Qamar I, Khan AH, Ullah S, Khan BW. · Diabetes, obesity & metabolism

Background Dual glucagon-like peptide-1/glucagon receptor (GLP-1/GCGR) agonists represent a novel obesity treatment class, but existing meta-analyses often conflate them with GIP-containing agents (tirzepatide, retatrutide) or restrict analysis to one or two drugs, leaving class-specific efficacy and safety incompletel…

Clinical and Neurobehavioral Changes With Weight Loss Drug Discontinuation and Reinitiation

ClinicalTrials.gov

The goal of this clinical study with research procedures is to learn how stopping and restarting tirzepatide (a medication that helps regulate blood sugar and appetite) affects brain activity, behavior, and health in adults ages 18-70 who are currently taking tirzepatide.

A Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of ASC35 Injection in Participants With Obesity or Overweight

ClinicalTrials.gov

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled single ascending dose (SAD)/ multiple ascending dose (MAD) study is designed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of ASC35 injection

Assessing Follow up Trajectories in Eating, Routines, and Weight After GLP-1

ClinicalTrials.gov

Many people who use GLP-1 medications (such as semaglutide or tirzepatide) achieve meaningful weight loss, but maintaining that weight loss off after stopping the medication can be very challenging.

Tirzepatide Use Resulted in Clinically Meaningful Weight Reduction in Individuals With Obesity or Overweight: 12-Month Real-World Results

Chinthammit C, Gibble TH, Dehghan M, Mojdami D, Huang A, Schapiro D, Bays H. · Diabetes, obesity & metabolism

Aims This study assessed the real-world effectiveness of tirzepatide in commercially insured individuals without diabetes, eligible for obesity medications (OMs), including glucagon like-peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA)-naïve individuals (i.e., no GLP-1 RA prescription during the 12-month pre-index period) and GLP…

Biliary and Pancreatic Safety of Incretin-Based Therapies in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: A Propensity-Matched Real-World Comparison of Tirzepatide, Semaglutide, and DPP-4 Inhibitors

Ghusn W, Abi-Aad SJ, Hurtado MD. · Journal of clinical medicine

To compare the 1-year risk of biliary/pancreatic adverse events among patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes treated with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) versus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i), and to directly compare tirzepatide with semaglutide.

Tirzepatide alleviates hepatic steatosis and inflammation in MASLD partly through suppression of macrophage Dectin-1/Syk/NF-κB signaling

He Y, Ma T, Xing H, Cao X, Song F, Pan Y, Ren L. · European journal of pharmacology

Metabolic stress, hepatic lipid accumulation, and macrophage-associated sterile inflammation are closely involved in the development of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Tirzepatide improves metabolic outcomes, but its effects on macrophage inflammatory signaling in MASLD remain unclear.

Dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist versus selective GLP-1 receptor agonist in patients undergoing primary total knee or hip arthroplasty

Davis SC, Patel SV, Fletcher S, McLaughlin JP, Deren ME, Piuzzi NS. · European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology : orthopedie traumatologie

Purpose Tirzepatide is a dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, whereas semaglutide is selective for the GLP-1 receptor.

Combined time-restricted feeding and resistance training enhance tirzepatide-induced improvements in adiposity and whole-body insulin sensitivity in female mice

Macêdo APA, da Conceição de Mattis LR, de Lima RD, Barbosa LA, Pinotti CB, Brisque GD, Dias LM, Pitoli BS, Avelino AA, Antonio GCF, Muñoz VR, Antunes GC, Figueiredo LS, Cintra DE, et al. · The Journal of physiology

Tirzepatide is a dual agonist of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors with potent effects on body weight regulation, glucose homeostasis and metabolic health.

Tirzepatide Initiation in Lithium-Treated Bipolar Disorder: Renal Biomarker Trajectories and Lithium Safety Signals Over 12 Months in a Real-World Cohort

Rescalli MB, Fagiolini A, Carmellini P, Pinzi M, Castaldo F, Cuomo A. · Human psychopharmacology

Objective To assess early renal and lithium-related safety and 12-month renal biomarker trajectories after tirzepatide initiation in lithium-treated adults with bipolar disorder. Methods We retrospectively studied 23 adults at one centre.

Characteristics and Treatment Utilisation Patterns of Individuals Using Tirzepatide for Type 2 Diabetes in Germany

Füchtenbusch M, Kraus M, Heitmann E, Wilhelm S, Schwarz L, Bendel J, Hennies N. · Advances in therapy

Introduction This study describes real-world characteristics and utilisation patterns of tirzepatide among adults with type 2 diabetes in German office-based practice. Methods This retrospective observational study analysed data from the CompuGroup Medical Healthcare Database.

Comparative adverse-event reporting patterns of semaglutide and tirzepatide: a disproportionality analysis of FAERS

Arslan T. · Endocrine

Background Semaglutide and tirzepatide are widely used for type 2 diabetes and obesity, but comparative post-marketing safety data remain limited.

Weight-Loss Outcomes After Sleeve Gastrectomy Versus Tirzepatide in a Minority Cohort With Severe Obesity: Results From a Propensity Score Matched Cohort

Manueli Laos EG, Fontaine-Nicola A, Serafica B, Zhang L, Layden BT, Berger R, Orda CA, Schlottmann F, Pirzada A, Masrur MA. · Clinical obesity

While GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonists like semaglutide and tirzepatide have revolutionized pharmacologic obesity treatment, metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) continues to demonstrate superior weight loss and cost-effectiveness.

Nano zinc supplementation in broiler nutrition: current evidence, mechanisms of action, and future perspectives

Rodriguez Velazquez D, Hosseintabar-Ghasemabad B, Varela Guerrero JA, Gorlov IF, Slozhenkina MI, Mosolov AA, Ondrašovičová S, Seidavi A, García Martínez JE, Rodríguez Huerta FA, Kr, et al. · Frontiers in veterinary science

Zinc is an essential trace mineral involved in numerous biological processes, including growth, antioxidant defense, immune function, and intestinal integrity in broiler chickens. Optimizing its bioavailability remains an important objective in modern poultry nutrition.

Targeting Leukopoiesis: Pharmacological and Biotechnological Strategies for the Treatment of Leukopenia

Baktybayeva L, Kaldybayeva AB, Sokolenko A, Tursynova B, Ten AY, Daulet G, Svambayev E, Thevis M, Yu VK, Tassibekov KS. · Biomedicines

Leukopenia remains a major clinical challenge associated with infectious diseases, oncological therapies, autoimmune disorders, and metabolic and iatrogenic conditions.

Thymulin restrains age-associated myeloid inflammation and enhances cancer immunotherapy

Kanemaru H, Luong S, Yamamoto Y, Mizukami Y, Ito F. · Nature communications

Chronic inflammation increases with age and contributes to cancer progression and therapeutic resistance, yet the mechanisms underlying this process remain incompletely understood.

Zinc Coordination by Thymosin β4: Structural Determinants and Functional Implications

Lachowicz JI, Congiu T, Salis A, Cesare Marincola F. · International journal of molecular sciences

Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a highly acidic, intrinsically disordered 43-amino-acid peptide with diverse biological functions, yet its interactions with metal ions remain poorly understood.

A Case Report of a Multisystemic Immune-Related Adverse Event Caused by Sintilimab in Combination With Thymosin Alpha-1

Li T, Wu BL, Yu CL, Jin LY. · Clinical case reports

To report a case of a nasopharyngeal carcinoma patient who developed multisystem immune-related adverse events (irAEs) after treatment with sintilimab (PD-1 inhibitor) in combination with thymosin alpha-1 (Tα1). The patient presents with high fever, rash, interstitial pulmonary edema, and multiple organ failure.

Thymosin Alpha-1 Restores Chemotherapy-Induced Antitumor Immunity by Chaperoning a MicroRNA Ligand of TLR7 in Dendritic Cells

Wei Y, Chen J, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhu F, Wang X, Zhou X, Wu C, Zhang W, Chen J, Zhang Y, Pan N, Chen K, Zheng S, Yan C, Liu L, Wang L. · Cancer research

Chemotherapy induces cancer cell apoptosis and the release of apoptotic bodies (AB) that are poorly immunogenic or immunosuppressive, creating a major barrier to the success of coadministered or second-line immunotherapies.

Clinical Applications and Evidence Landscape of Thymosin Alpha 1 as an Immunomodulatory Adjunct in Cancer Care: A Scoping Review

Kim SD, Kim KR, Kim DH, Yeo T, Choi MJ, Park SJ, Yoo HS. · Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)

Background : Thymosin alpha 1 (Tα1, thymalfasin) is a thymus-derived immunomodulatory peptide investigated as an adjunctive therapy in cancer care. Although studied across malignancies, its evidence landscape has not been systematically mapped.

Thymosin Alpha-1 Provides Direct Neuroprotection by Engaging the Orexin Receptor HCRTR1 to Suppress Neuronal Necroptosis

Kang X, Wang S, Zhang L, Hu M, Su X, Liu Y, Qin Q, Yi H, Yuan L, Cai W, Wei L, Lu Z. · Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)

Communication between the immune system and the brain is critical for neuronal health, yet the molecular signals that mediate this crosstalk are not fully understood. Here, we uncover an unexpected and direct neuroprotective axis linking the thymus to the central nervous system (CNS).

Relationships of Anemia, Serum Iron, and Serum Copper in Hospitalized Alpacas (Vicugna pacos)

Kornblum M, Buchallik-Schregel J, Röhrig P, Polifka A, Ganter M, Wagener MG. · Biological trace element research

A large number of South American camelids (SAC) presented to a veterinary clinic are diagnosed with anemia.

Tesamorelin for Reduction of Liver Fat in Adults With Fatty Liver Disease (Mock Study)

ClinicalTrials.gov

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase II study evaluates whether daily subcutaneous tesamorelin (a growth hormone-releasing hormone analog) reduces liver fat in adults with fatty liver disease.