What the evidence actually says about peptides

Product Transference Study of Testagen™ TDS®-Testosterone

ClinicalTrials.gov

This study will assess the potential of Testagen® TDS-Testosterone to enable transfer of Testosterone to females coming in contact with skin to which Testagen® TDS-Testosterone has been applied and the potential of product to raise serum androgen levels in those women.

Mitophagy and Mitochondrial DNA Dynamics During Ramadan Dry Fasting vs 16:8 Time-Restricted Feeding

ClinicalTrials.gov

This study investigates how different types of fasting affect cell health, specifically focusing on how mitochondria (the energy-producing parts of cells) are cleared and renewed.

Two-Part Study of the Effects of the X39 Patch on Circulating GHK and GHK-Cu Levels in Healthy Adults

ClinicalTrials.gov

The goal of this clinical trial is to investigate GHK and GHK-Cu blood levels pre- and post-intervention in healthy adults, and to investigate the efficacy of X39 patch on GHK and GHK-Cu blood levels in healthy adults compared to a placebo.

Blastomere/trophectoderm biopsy for preimplantation genetic testing does not affect early HCG levels

Alexandroni H, Buhbut E, Cohen Y, Altarescu G, Eldar-Geva T, Ben-Ami I. · JBRA assisted reproduction

Objective To evaluate if blastomere/trophectoderm biopsy for preimplantation genetic testing affects early HCG levels.

LHCGR phamacodynamic effects during follicular maturation

Perri C, Casarini L, Lazzaretti C. · Frontiers in endocrinology

Luteinizing hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) are glycoprotein hormones that regulate human reproduction.

Effects of Preovulatory hCG Administration on Follicular Dynamics, Reproductive Hemodynamics, Nitric Oxide, and VEGF Levels in Mares

Abdelnaby EA, Alhaider AK, Emam IA, Al Qarnin HS. · Veterinary sciences

This study aimed to determine the action of a single dose of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on follicular dynamics, CL functionality, ovarian (OV.A) and uterine arteries (MUA) blood flow, hormones (estradiol [E2] and luteinizing hormone [LH]), nitric oxide (NO), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels…

Prediction of live birth using machine learning based on β-hCG and embryo quality in patients with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion undergoing PGT-A

Lin J, Zhao X, Chen Y, Xie B, Cheng H, Luo C, Cheng X, Liu J, Peng E, Huang X. · Frontiers in endocrinology

Purpose This study aimed to identify key predictors of live birth and to develop a machine learning prediction model for women with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA) undergoing preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A).

Serum hCG reference values in menopausal women across four immunoassay platforms: implications of renal function for clinical interpretation

Bavoux D, Bouvier D, Puravet A, Pereira B, Durif J, Rozand I, Sapin V, Oris C. · Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine

Objectives Most available data on human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) elevations in menopausal women are derived from studies using Roche assays, with limited evidence across other immunoassay platforms.

The Critical Role of Serial β-hCG Monitoring in Diagnosing Bilateral Tubal Pregnancy Following Conservative Surgery

Hu Y, Fang Q. · Clinical laboratory

Background Bilateral tubal pregnancy (BTP) is a rare and diagnostically challenging form of ectopic pregnancy. This report emphasizes the critical importance of serial beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) surveillance following conservative tubal surgery.

Retropharyngeal nodal metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma: a case for revisiting its place in the AJCC/UICC staging framework

Achar AT, Thakur S, Arun Krishna AR, Borewad GD, Vishal Rao US. · Oral oncology

Successful conservative treatment of contralateral recurrent ectopic pregnancy with high β-HCG after unilateral salpingectomy: a case report

Ruan J, Hu Y, Du X. · Frontiers in medicine

Background Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is a common gynecological emergency, and its clinical management requires comprehensive consideration of β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) level, mass size, fertility needs, and vital signs.

Persistent low-level real human chorionic gonadotropin after gestational trophoblastic disease: Natural history and predictors of subsequent gestational trophoblastic neoplasia

Alevato R, Braga A, Paiva G, Araujo Júnior E, Sun SY, Pedrotti LG, Bessel M, de Oliveira SA, Amim-Junior J, Rezende-Filho J, Berkowitz R, Horowitz N. · Gynecologic oncology

Objective To characterize the natural history of persistent low-level real human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) after gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) and identify predictors of subsequent gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN).

Persistent Low-Level hCG After Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia Remission: Treatment-Free Probability Stratified by Early hCG Course

Ji M, Zhao J, Xia L, Wan X, Feng F, Yang J, Jiang F, Xiang Y. · Cancers

Background/Objectives : To determine treatment-free probability after persistent low-level human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) elevation following complete remission from gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) and examine its association with the early hCG course.

Redefining "Normal" for hCG in postmenopausal women: 97.5th percentile reference intervals and 99th percentile thresholds across four chemiluminescence immunoassay systems

Zhu X, Wang J, Hou L, Zhang Y, Liu X, Gao X, Liu P, Xia L, Li J. · Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry

Background and objective Physiological human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) elevations in postmenopausal women are prone to misclassification as pathological. Substantial inter-system variation exists among immunoassays, and system-specific reference intervals (RIs) for this population have not been established.

GnRH agonist with low-dose hCG (dual Trigger) versus GnRH agonist only trigger in high responders in GnRH antagonist cycle : a systematic review and meta-analysis

Syam HH, Bayuaji H, Tjahyadi D, Rachmawati A, Ritonga MA, Adrianto N. · Gynecologic and obstetric investigation

Introduction Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) remains a serious complication of assisted reproductive technology, particularly in high ovarian responders.

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)-Secreting Neuroblastic Tumors in Children Presenting With Chronic Secretory Diarrhea: A Report of Two Cases

Barbar M, Sultan I, Alrifaai A, Al-Dabbagh A, Halalsheh H. · Cureus

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-secreting neuroblastic tumors are rare pediatric neoplasms that may present with chronic secretory diarrhea prior to tumor detection, posing significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.

Balancing the benefits and risks of GLP-1 receptor agonists: a clinical guide for shared decision-making

Moiz A, Peters TM, Tsoukas MA, Yu OHY, Filion KB, Eisenberg MJ. · EClinicalMedicine

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are now used widely to manage diabetes, obesity, and an expanding set of metabolic and cardiorenal conditions.

The use of GLP-1 receptor agonists and co-agonists in adults without diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis protocol

Moiz A, Reynier P, Tsoukas MA, Yu OH, Peters TM, Eisenberg MJ, Filion KB. · Systematic reviews

Background Despite the increasing clinical use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), head-to-head evidence across these agents remains limited.

Dysesthesia associated with GLP-1 agonist therapies: data-mining analysis and literature review

Laroche ML, Géniaux H, Jardou M. · European journal of clinical pharmacology

Purpose An increasing number of anecdotal reports on social media platforms and medical blogs describe dysesthesia, particularly burning skin sensations, in association with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists.

Do no harm: managing nausea and vomiting in GLP-1 based obesity therapies

Alhazmi A, le Roux CW. · Frontiers in endocrinology

Evolution of incretin-based therapies: From GLP-1 monotherapy to dual and triple agonists: A new era in metabolic therapy

Gupta M, Shukla J. · The Indian journal of medical research

Incretin-based therapies have revolutionised the management of metabolic disorders, transitioning from DPP-4 inhibitors to advanced GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and next-generation dual and triple agonists.

Incretin-Based Dual and Triple Agonists in Overweight or Obese Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Chan ZH, Omar AS, Gill K, Volucke G, Azhar MM, Haleem SM, Sia JE, Rahman OU, Ahmad M, Shahid N, Gardezi SA, Joseph KV, Behary Paray N, Zulfiqar E. · Cardiology in review

Incretin-based dual and triple agonists have emerged as effective options for obesity management, offering enhanced weight loss through multi-receptor agonism. However, data on their efficacy and safety remain limited.

GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Early Proctologic Effects in Morbid Obesity

ClinicalTrials.gov

Prospective observational cohort study evaluating the early proctologic effects of GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy in morbidly obese patients.

Dietary Peanuts and Nutrition-Related Outcomes

ClinicalTrials.gov

This study will look at how eating peanuts every day might affect participants weight, how healthy their diet is, and how they feel when eating. Investigators want to see if adding peanuts to meals for 12 weeks helps participants feel fuller, have more energy, and improve body composition.

CARTIZ Registry: Cartilage, Arthropathy and Imaging Under Tirzepatide in Zone-stratified Cohorts - A Four-Institute Mexican Observational Registry

ClinicalTrials.gov

CARTIZ is a prospective observational clinical registry of adults in Mexico receiving tirzepatide (a dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist) under an independent clinical indication - typically type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, obesity, renal protection, metabolic hypertension, or associated off-label metabolic use.

A Clinical Trial Using Tirzepatide to Help Adults With Type 1 Diabetes Automatically Control Their Blood Sugar

ClinicalTrials.gov

This research study is testing whether a weekly medication called tirzepatide can help adults with type 1 diabetes use their insulin pump more easily, specifically by reducing or eliminating the need to count carbohydrates at meals.

Beyond Weight Loss: Tirzepatide as a Metabolic Disease-Modifying Strategy for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis: A Narrative Review

Ahmed Z, Mustafa N, Sarkar T, Yasmin H. · Health science reports

Background Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has emerged as the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide and a major contributor to liver-related morbidity and mortality.

Is There a Better Day of the Week to Administer Semaglutide or Tirzepatide? A Systematic Literature Review

La Vignera S, Condorelli RA. · Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)

Background and Objectives : Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), including semaglutide and the dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide, have transformed the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity through once-weekly subcutaneous administration.

Effect of tirzepatide and semaglutide on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Chen QX, Zhou XY, Wu Q, Xie JJ, Xu Y, Teng FY, Guo M. · Endocrine

Purpose Tirzepatide and semaglutide are widely used for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. However, the blood pressure-related adverse event profiles associated with tirzepatide and semaglutide remain unclear.

Comparative Efficacy of Semaglutide and Tirzepatide in Chinese Adults with Obesity without Diabetes: A Real-World Observational Study

Yao Z, Ahmad A, Gong F, Zhang N, Zeng M, Ge Q. · Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy

Objective To conduct a direct comparison of the effects of Semaglutide and Tirzepatide among adults with obesity but without diabetes.

Major Adverse Liver Outcomes With Tirzepatide and Injectable Semaglutide in Adults With Overweight or Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes

Banerjee M, Roy A, Sharma VM, Das A. · Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)

Objective This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of tirzepatide versus injectable semaglutide in preventing major adverse liver outcomes (MALO) among adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Predicted 10-Year Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction with Tirzepatide Use Over Three Years for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Obesity

Sattar N, Mamas M, Li R, García-Pérez LE, Chen KL, Upadhyay N, Glass L, Batterham RL, Dimitriadis GK, Liu-Seifert H. · European journal of preventive cardiology

Aim This post hoc analysis assessed the durability of tirzepatide for primary cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention in obesity, based on predicted CVD risk, in the SURMOUNT-1 (SM-1) 3-year study.

Tirzepatide and SGLT2 Inhibitors for Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity: Entering a New Cardiometabolic Therapeutic Era

Mohamed ZI, Shidane AA, Abdiasis AM, Hussein MH, Ibrahim AO, Abdi AA, Hashi KI, Mohamud MA, Mohamed AJ. · Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism

Background Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) accounts for over half of all heart failure hospitalizations, with obesity increasingly recognized as a central driver through expansion of epicardial adipose tissue, chronic low-grade inflammation and obesity-related haemodynamic overload culminating in…

Tirzepatide Persistence and Associated Changes in Clinical Outcomes in US Adults With Obesity or Overweight: A 6-Month Claims Database Analysis

Gibble TH, Venkataraman M, Mojdami D, Vallarino C, Stockbower G, Grabner M, Ananth M, Desai K. · Diabetes, obesity & metabolism

Aims Tirzepatide is a once-weekly glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) approved in the US for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes (T2D), weight loss and obstructive sleep apnoea.

Achieving the triple endpoint of body weight reduction thresholds, systolic blood pressure reduction ≥5 mmHg and non-HDL cholesterol <130 mg/dL with tirzepatide in people with obesity: A post hoc analysis from the SURMOUNT trials

Sattar N, Srinath R, García-Pérez LE, Lee CJ, Karanikas CA, Chen X, Plat A. · PloS one

Background Modest body weight reduction can greatly improve many health-related outcomes. In the SURMOUNT clinical trial program, once-weekly tirzepatide resulted in substantial body weight reductions in people with obesity, without and with type 2 diabetes.

Liver Fat Changes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes by Presence of Genetic Hepatic Steatosis: A Post Hoc Analysis of SURPASS-3 MRI

Cusi K, Gastaldelli A, Landó LF, Sharma P, Torcello-Gómez A, Rodríguez Á. · Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver

The patatin-like phospholipase 3 (PNPLA3) I148M genetic variant is highly associated with steatotic liver disease.

Trends in Cost of Care With Tirzepatide in Adults Aged Over 55 Years With Obesity or Overweight Without Diabetes: A Matched Cohort Analysis

Upadhyay N, Bonakdar A, Subedi K, Banerjee S, Behrend B, Hankosky ER. · Diabetes, obesity & metabolism

Aims Compare healthcare cost trends among older adults with obesity or overweight treated with tirzepatide versus no treatment. Materials and methods Retrospective cohort study using real-world data from US Komodo Research Dataset, 8 November 2022 to 30 September 2025.

ANP32E drives lung adenocarcinoma progression via GSK3β-mediated glycolytic reprogramming

Wang Z, Li Q, Ye Z, Wu X, Fang C, Jiang W, Zhu M. · Cell death & disease

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), a leading cause of cancer mortality, involves incompletely understood epigenetic-metabolic crosstalk. We identified ANP32E as a key regulator through multi-omics (TCGA, scRNA-seq) and clinical analyses, finding its overexpression correlates with poor prognosis.

Targeting Leukopoiesis: Pharmacological and Biotechnological Strategies for the Treatment of Leukopenia

Baktybayeva L, Kaldybayeva AB, Sokolenko A, Tursynova B, Ten AY, Daulet G, Svambayev E, Thevis M, Yu VK, Tassibekov KS. · Biomedicines

Leukopenia remains a major clinical challenge associated with infectious diseases, oncological therapies, autoimmune disorders, and metabolic and iatrogenic conditions.

Thymulin restrains age-associated myeloid inflammation and enhances cancer immunotherapy

Kanemaru H, Luong S, Yamamoto Y, Mizukami Y, Ito F. · Nature communications

Chronic inflammation increases with age and contributes to cancer progression and therapeutic resistance, yet the mechanisms underlying this process remain incompletely understood.

Zinc Coordination by Thymosin β4: Structural Determinants and Functional Implications

Lachowicz JI, Congiu T, Salis A, Cesare Marincola F. · International journal of molecular sciences

Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a highly acidic, intrinsically disordered 43-amino-acid peptide with diverse biological functions, yet its interactions with metal ions remain poorly understood.

A Study Evaluating Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy, Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy Combined With Dual Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Patients With Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

ClinicalTrials.gov

This study will enroll patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

A Case Report of a Multisystemic Immune-Related Adverse Event Caused by Sintilimab in Combination With Thymosin Alpha-1

Li T, Wu BL, Yu CL, Jin LY. · Clinical case reports

To report a case of a nasopharyngeal carcinoma patient who developed multisystem immune-related adverse events (irAEs) after treatment with sintilimab (PD-1 inhibitor) in combination with thymosin alpha-1 (Tα1). The patient presents with high fever, rash, interstitial pulmonary edema, and multiple organ failure.

Thymosin Alpha-1 Restores Chemotherapy-Induced Antitumor Immunity by Chaperoning a MicroRNA Ligand of TLR7 in Dendritic Cells

Wei Y, Chen J, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhu F, Wang X, Zhou X, Wu C, Zhang W, Chen J, Zhang Y, Pan N, Chen K, Zheng S, Yan C, Liu L, Wang L. · Cancer research

Chemotherapy induces cancer cell apoptosis and the release of apoptotic bodies (ABs) that are poorly immunogenic or immunosuppressive, creating a major barrier to the success of co-administered or second-line immunotherapies.

Relationships of Anemia, Serum Iron, and Serum Copper in Hospitalized Alpacas (Vicugna pacos)

Kornblum M, Buchallik-Schregel J, Röhrig P, Polifka A, Ganter M, Wagener MG. · Biological trace element research

A large number of South American camelids (SAC) presented to a veterinary clinic are diagnosed with anemia.

Tesamorelin for Reduction of Liver Fat in Adults With Fatty Liver Disease (Mock Study)

ClinicalTrials.gov

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase II study evaluates whether daily subcutaneous tesamorelin (a growth hormone-releasing hormone analog) reduces liver fat in adults with fatty liver disease.

P-1231. A Phase 1 Open-label, Parallel-group, Single-dose Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Obeldesivir in Participants with Normal Renal Function and Renal Impairment

Open forum infectious diseases

Injectable Peptide Therapy: A Primer for Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Physicians

Mayfield CK, Bolia IK, Feingold CL, Lin EH, Liu JN, Rick Hatch GF, Gamradt SC, Weber AE. · The American journal of sports medicine

Background Therapeutic peptides are short-chain amino acids that regulate cellular functions and facilitate biochemical processes. In recent years, there has been significant growth in the global market for therapeutic peptides and thus its popularity among patients.